As Saint Louis notes, physicists and astronomers are surely understated, while physicians and surgeons are overstated. Some of that, again, is a result of the prerequisite training required to enter those medical fields, and some is a result of the full workload and working conditions doctors and surgeons face relative to that of astronomers or chemical engineers.
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Career Cast recently published a list ranking 200 major occupations from best to worst, as measured by five criteria. One of those is income, displayed as the median earnings in a field plus a small premium based on income growth potential.
While income is positively correlated with IQ, it's obviously not perfectly so. Nonetheless, the following table estimates average IQ scores by occupation solely on the basis of the Career Cast mid-level income figures. The median salary (of a paralegal assistant) is taken to correspond to an IQ of 100. One standard deviation is assumed to be 15 IQ points:
| Occupation | IQ |
| 1. Surgeon | 234.1 |
| 2. Physician | 161.1 |
| 3. Corporate executive | 148.0 |
| 4. Psychiatrist | 147.7 |
| 5. Dentist | 140.0 |
| 6. Orthodontist | 131.2 |
| 7. Podiatrist | 129.1 |
| 8. Judge | 127.9 |
| 9. Attorney | 127.8 |
| 10. Petroleum engineer | 126.1 |
| 11. Pharmacist | 126.1 |
| 12. Physicist | 124.9 |
| 13. Commercial airline pilot | 124.9 |
| 14. Astronomer | 124.5 |
| 15. Financial planner | 122.8 |
| 16. Nuclear engineer | 121.1 |
| 17. Optometrist | 120.7 |
| 18. Aerospace engineer | 120.2 |
| 19. Mathematician | 119.8 |
| 20. Public relations executive | 118.1 |
| 21. Economist | 116.9 |
| 22. Actuary | 116.9 |
| 23. Software engineer | 116.9 |
| 24. Meteorologist | 116.0 |
| 25. School principal | 116.0 |
| 26. Physician assistant | 115.6 |
| 27. Electrical engineer | 115.2 |
| 28. Web developer | 115.2 |
| 29. Construction foreman | 114.8 |
| 30. Geologist | 114.4 |
| 31. Veterinarian | 114.4 |
| 32. Computer systems analyst | 112.7 |
| 33. Mechanical engineer | 112.6 |
| 34. Civil engineer | 112.2 |
| 35. Industrial engineer | 111.8 |
| 36. Biologist | 111.4 |
| 37. Physical therapist | 111.4 |
| 38. Statistician | 111.0 |
| 39. Architect | 111.0 |
| 40. Computer programmer | 110.1 |
| 41. Occupational therapist | 109.7 |
| 42. Sociologist | 109.7 |
| 43. Chiropractor | 108.9 |
| 44. Chemist | 108.9 |
| 45. Stockbroker | 108.6 |
| 46. Dental hygienist | 108.4 |
| 47. Psychologist | 108.0 |
| 48. Speech pathologist | 107.6 |
| 49. Registered nurse | 107.2 |
| 50. Historian | 106.8 |
| 51. Technical writer | 106.8 |
| 52. Occupational safety/health inspector | 106.7 |
| 53. Audiologist | 106.7 |
| 54. Market research analyst | 106.4 |
| 55. Advertising account executive | 106.3 |
| 56. Fashion designer | 106.0 |
| 57. Philosopher | 105.9 |
| 58. Accountant | 105.5 |
| 59. Farmer | 105.1 |
| 60. Industrial designer | 104.7 |
| 61. Insurance underwriter | 104.7 |
| 62. Telephone installer and repairer | 104.6 |
| 63. Zoologist | 104.2 |
| 64. Communications equipment mechanic | 103.8 |
| 65. Loan officer | 103.4 |
| 66. Purchasing agent | 103.4 |
| 67. Engineering technician | 103.4 |
| 68. Medical technologist | 103.4 |
| 69. Author | 103.0 |
| 70. Undertaker | 103.0 |
| 71. Librarian | 103.0 |
| 72. Surveyor | 103.0 |
| 73. Railroad conductor | 103.0 |
| 74. Conservationist | 102.9 |
| 75. Anthropologist | 102.5 |
| 76. Vocational counselor | 102.5 |
| 77. Highway patrol officer | 102.5 |
| 78. Aircraft mechanic | 102.5 |
| 79. Respiratory therapist | 102.5 |
| 80. Dietitian | 102.1 |
| 81. Mail carrier | 102.1 |
| 82. Motion picture editor | 101.8 |
| 83. Sales representative | 101.8 |
| 84. Publication editor | 101.7 |
| 85. Archeologist | 101.7 |
| 86. Physiologist | 101.7 |
| 87. Stationary engineer | 101.7 |
| 88. Teacher | 101.7 |
| 89. Electrical equipment repairer | 101.7 |
| 90. Newscaster | 101.4 |
| 91. Tax examiner | 100.9 |
| 92. Buyer | 100.9 |
| 93. Police officer | 100.9 |
| 94. Actor | 100.8 |
| 95. Stenographer | 100.5 |
| 96. Museum curator | 100.5 |
| 97. Electrician | 100.0 |
| 98. Bricklayer | 100.0 |
| 99. Parole officer | 100.0 |
| 100. Paralegal assistant | 100.0 |
| 101. Tool-and-die maker | 100.0 |
| 102. Insurance agent | 99.7 |
| 103. Personnel recruiter | 99.6 |
| 104. Hotel manager | 99.6 |
| 105. Plumber | 99.6 |
| 106. Architectural drafter | 99.6 |
| 107. Firefighter | 99.2 |
| 108. Set designer | 99.2 |
| 109. Artist (fine art) | 98.8 |
| 110. Industrial machine repairer | 98.7 |
| 111. Advertising salesperson | 98.4 |
| 112. Clergy | 98.4 |
| 113. Sheet metal worker | 97.5 |
| 114. Heating and refrigeration mechanic | 97.5 |
| 115. Real estate agent | 97.1 |
| 116. Photojournalist | 97.1 |
| 117. Flight attendant | 97.1 |
| 118. Construction machinery operator | 97.1 |
| 119. Social worker | 97.1 |
| 120. Sewage plant operator | 97.1 |
| 121. Licensed practical nurse | 97.0 |
| 122. Stevedore | 96.6 |
| 123. Carpenter | 96.6 |
| 124. Corrections officer | 96.6 |
| 125. Choreographer | 96.3 |
| 126. Automobile body repairer | 96.2 |
| 127. Plasterer | 96.2 |
| 128. Office machine repairer | 96.2 |
| 129. Machinist | 96.2 |
| 130. Truck driver | 96.2 |
| 131. Carpet and tile installer | 95.8 |
| 132. Drywall applicator and finisher | 95.8 |
| 133. Computer service technician | 95.8 |
| 134. Nuclear decontamination technician | 95.8 |
| 135. Glazier | 95.4 |
| 136. Sailor | 95.4 |
| 137. Medical laboratory technician | 95.4 |
| 138. Automobile mechanic | 95.0 |
| 139. Dental laboratory technician | 95.0 |
| 140. Welder | 94.9 |
| 141. Newspaper reporter | 94.6 |
| 142. Jeweler | 94.5 |
| 143. Meter reader | 94.5 |
| 144. Roofer | 94.5 |
| 145. Bus driver | 94.5 |
| 146. Appliance repairer | 94.5 |
| 147. Painter | 94.5 |
| 148. Agricultural scientist | 94.5 |
| 149. Ironworker | 94.5 |
| 150. Machine tool operator | 94.5 |
| 151. Broadcast technician | 94.2 |
| 152. Piano tuner | 94.1 |
| 153. Musical instrument repairer | 94.1 |
| 154. Compositor/typesetter | 94.1 |
| 155. Optician | 94.1 |
| 156. Bookkeeper | 94.1 |
| 157. Typist | 94.1 |
| 158. Electrical technician | 94.0 |
| 159. Garbage collector | 93.7 |
| 160. Roustabout | 93.7 |
| 161. Dairy farmer | 93.7 |
| 162. Lumberjack | 93.7 |
| 163. Bookbinder | 93.3 |
| 164. Telephone operator | 93.3 |
| 165. Medical records technician | 93.3 |
| 166. Travel agent | 93.3 |
| 167. Drill-press operator | 93.3 |
| 168. Photographer | 92.9 |
| 169. Emergency medical technician | 92.8 |
| 170. Vending machine repairer | 92.8 |
| 171. Furniture upholsterer | 92.8 |
| 172. Forklift operator | 92.8 |
| 173. Medical secretary | 92.8 |
| 174. Construction worker | 92.4 |
| 175. Butcher | 92.4 |
| 176. Disc jockey | 92.1 |
| 177. Precision assembler | 92.0 |
| 178. Shipping and receiving clerk | 92.0 |
| 179. Automobile assembler | 91.6 |
| 180. Dressmaker | 91.6 |
| 181. Photographic process worker | 91.2 |
| 182. Receptionist | 90.7 |
| 183. Barber | 90.3 |
| 184. Guard | 90.3 |
| 185. Nurse's aid | 90.3 |
| 186. Bank teller | 90.3 |
| 187. Cosmetologist | 89.9 |
| 188. Teacher's aide | 89.9 |
| 189. Shoe maker and repairer | 89.9 |
| 190. Recreation worker | 89.5 |
| 191. Janitor | 89.5 |
| 192. Chauffeur | 89.5 |
| 193. Taxi driver | 89.0 |
| 194. Retail salesman | 88.6 |
| 195. Child care worker | 88.2 |
| 196. Maid | 88.2 |
| 197. Bartender | 87.8 |
| 198. Waiter | 87.8 |
| 199. Cashier | 87.7 |
| 200. Dishwasher | 87.7 |
With the exception of an astronomical score for surgeons and one in the stratosphere for physicians, it's pretty predictable. And when I say that, I mean the scores are about what you'd predict to see if someone showed you a list of IQ by occupation without informing you of how the scores were determined. Pay is generally commensurate with an occupation's cognitive demands, which is why the list has a great deal of face validity.
The apparent misrepresentations are the ones that irritate me the most, perhaps exposing me for an IQ meritocrat (or maybe its a visceral disdain for high IQ vampires who use their intelligence to parasitically suck the blood of their productive neighbors). I'm skeptical that nuclear engineers are, on average, 'less intelligent' than attorneys or that software engineers tend to have lower IQs than physicians.
Some of this is a result of credentialism, with medical school requirements being more difficult to fulfill than various certification requirements for software developers, even though being a successful software developer requires a higher IQ than being a doctor does. Some of it the result of the personal interaction premium, where, relative to the objective value people create, those who do so largely through direct communication with other people enjoy greater remuneration for their efforts (this trend is generally beneficial for women at the expense of men).
Of course, some of this 'dissonance' is due to crucial factors other than intelligence. Corporate executives need high executive function and strong leadership capabilities, while aerospace engineers, despite presumably having higher average IQs, do not have nearly as demanding non-IQ requirements for success.
29 comments:
I don't see "Epigone" on the list anywhere but I guess that's what your day job is for.
This sounds kind of similar to some of the stuff Half Sigma has written, and I believe that it is mostly true, but money is only one small piece of the puzzle. A higher IQ person who doesn't earn his or her potential still hopefully is able to do something they like and lead an interesting life. This topic is on my mind since a friend of mine expressed concern he's in a dead end clerical job at age 29.
Off topic, but my captcha for this comment was "phapre," which is funny if you say it out loud.
Speaking as a doctor, I think the estimates of physician's (161) and surgeon's IQ's(234) are terribly flawed. In my experience most doctors probably fall in the range of 115 to 140. 115 is probably adequate for the job, and given that minimum, their success is correlated with work ethic and drive, not IQ. Additionally, the list underestimates numerous occupations. For example, mathematician: 119. ?! I would think 140 or so, based on the graduate school math types I've been acquainted with. I believe many of the engineering professions are also underestimated, with 115 probably the minimum necessary IQ in engineering, the average should be higher. And many of the blue collar jobs listed at 100 and below require significant analytical and quantitative aptitude, probably at least 110 IQ. Corporate executive: 147? Most CEO types are persuasive communicators and leaders with IQ's around 115-125 give or take. An IQ above 140 is probably a barrier to success in most fields.
Finally, technical writer, 106? Woah. Obviously income does not correlate perfectly with IQ. The outliers do stick out.
Overrated by this measurment:
Surgeon (234.1): obviously, since by definition the number of people in the world with an IQ 10 standard deviations above the mean is between zero and one
Physician (161.1): again, obvious; there are certainly some at that level, but it's not the median
Corporate exec (148.0): probably more like 125-130 with great people skills
Financial planner (122.8): similar to corporate execs, but minus about 10-12 IQ points
Underrated:
Judge (127.9): Either judges are underrated or attorneys are overrated. The average judge is quite a bit smarter than the average attorney (certainly more then 0.1 IQ points). I'd drop about 3 points off from attorneys and add about 3 to judges. Then again, if this is including all sorts of local magistrates, etc., then maybe it is accurate.
Physicist (124.9): I would think this is about the minimum to enter the field, not the median. Then again, there could be a lot of them out there with lower verbal IQs dragging down their scores.
Astonomer (124.5), Nuclear Engineer (121.1), Aerospace Engineer (120.2): see Physicist
What might be going on with the three previous ones is that many of them are likely government workers. They probably enjoy amazing benefits and pension packages. If benefits were included in the calculation, you'd probably see higher numbers for them.
Philosopher (105.9): this is probably about 30 points too low; this is a job our society clearly doesn't value
One that caught my attention:
Clergy (98.4): this must include evangelical ministers, mega-church pastors, and black preachers; if you only measured Catholic priests and those from the mainline protestant groups, I bet it would be more like 110; Catholic and Episcopal bishops are probably more like 125
If you remove medical and business oriented professions and readjust accordingly the results would probably be closer to what they really are.
Regarding what I wrote about clergy: the median IQs I posited are what I suspect they actually are, not what their median salaries would suggest.
Indeed, I wouldn't be surprised to see a slight inverse relationship between remuneration and IQ among clergy. After all, a lot very bright Catholic priests take vows of poverty. Meanwhile, a lot of intellectually middling (but with high charisma) evangelicals and mega-church pastors probably rake in the dough.
dishwasher 87? that seems high
As for clergy, they have pretty high verbal GRE scores on average, so they can't be too stupid. Now, of course that only applies to those denominations that require GRE scores for applicants to the M.Div. programs, and those GRE numbers also include students who don't have M.Div as their degree objective. Do Rabbis have to take the GRE to go to seminary?
This ranking method is interesting a la IQ and the Wealth of Nations and yeah, there are other factors in play, which is, why it really is somewhat mislabeled. It is more like an IQ/ambition vs. income index. If IQ and drive were somehow combined into a single score, then it would make more sense.
Computer Programmer is way too low - this should be in the 120-160 range, with a median IQ of about 130.
I agree with Anonymous's (#2) estimates for physician, 114-140, as I'm married to one and know many socially, and none are intellectuals, but all hard working, with a median IQ of about 120.
Income is frequenty a poor proxy for IQ. Wages are determined for economic reasons only some of which are related to ability. Clergy and ag scientists are example.
New York City is awash with high IQ taxi drivers (many with PhDs) who do to various reasons can't practice their chosen fields, and few of the best performers on Broadway have escaped stints as waiters.
There is some relationship between the two, but this is really nothing more than an income chart with misleading units.
Charles Murray on Turkheimer's paper about heritability of IQ
http://blog.american.com/?p=25126
Thanks.
How well do these career labels match up to the ones used in the GSS? If they match well enough, then you could correlate pay to scores on the GSS vocabulary test. It would be fun to look at outliers, such as "author."
Steve,
I'm going to give it a shot this weekend. There are not nearly 200 job categories with sample sizes large enough for a comparison in the GSS, though--we're probably looking at 30 or so.
"Surgeon (234.1)": good God, someone's dug up Isaac Newton and taught him to be a sawbones.
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This is a plainly ridiculous post.
So I suppose that professional athletes routinely have 300+ IQ? Hehe...
Interesting list, though.
It would be interesting to recalculate assuming a log-normal distribution of income. I suspect that medical folks will still be over-represented, but not nearly so badly. A while back I looked at U.S. income statistics, and it appeared that the standard deviation for a log-normal distribution was about 0.375.
Door-to-door salesman: 72.9
I was almost sucked into working a job like that, but I did some research on the Internet first and saved myself the trouble (they do business with different names, and actually charge you money to sign up, knowing that 90% of people are gonna quit when they find out what it is).
Anthony,
I haven't played around much with the LONGNORMDIST function in excel, but that would reduce the absurdly high values for things like surgeon (and professional athlete, too, if that was a broad job category actually reported on!)
AE:
Could you post a second chart next to this one with the actual IQs of those professions? I think it could help the readers see the difference between the actual IQ of the profession and what society value's in terms of IQ.
Never knew basketball players were geniuses.
So now we know, doctors and dentists are overpaid relative to their intelligence.
I guess in their defence, medical workers would say they are paid more than other workers because they work harder and tend to be under higher stress levels than most educated workers.
Relative to intelligence, journalism would have to be one of the worst paying jobs.
Writing quickly and accurately to tight deadlines about topics which you may not know much about requires a far amount of intelligence and hard work, yet wages are often worse than in the semi-skilled trades.
Oh my! Now surgeons aren't only gods, but they have a higher IQ than God himself???? You've GOT to be kidding me. Physicians, Surgeons, and Psychiatrists are all physicians. And IQ varies within the group, but from personal and professional experience with all types of physicians, the average is much lower. Personality determines specialty more than anything...
What BS, especially for the physicians and surgeons. This may represent what they think about themselves, but it surely can have no basis in fact. My hunch is, average physician 125, average surgeon, perhaps 130. They are not the geniuses everyone thinks they are.
I've been a computer programmer for 15 years now. I think I've worked with programmers with IQs easily over 130 as well as those with IQs easily under 100. How do I explain this wide range? I honestly think that the IQs of those that hire programmers seem to always be lower than the programmers they hire. My conclusion is that there are a lot of managers dumber than the people they hire. The "EQ", general aggressiveness, and a propensity for bullshit seem to be a requirement for climbing the ladder, at least in I.T. I'm sure this sounds like a broken record, but it's true. What's my point? Well, I'd like to submit to the readers that the computer engineer job title might hold the largest range of IQ scores.
Where did you get this information from? It is total BS. The highest IQ of any living person today is of Marilyn vos Savant, who has an IQ of 228. Also, I highly doubt the the average waiter or dishwasher has an IQ just slightly above legally retarded.
This doesn't even pass the laugh test. There are far too many career paths that result in low earnings and salaries. There are also plenty of smart people with low IQs, as it isn't a measure of how bright someone is, but their ability to reason and problem solving. What you are left with is something that is more correlated to education level, than IQ.
In my particular field and aiming to hire people with above average problem solving skills, and slightly below median income levels, IQ is an important measure. It trumps education levels and knowledge. We find great success in hiring people as a result of pre-employment testing and above average IQ scores. Life chances brought them to our door, and perhaps they didn't have a secondary education or pursued a career path without much opportunity. By the measure here, we would need to pay prospective employees nearly twice the salaries we offer and it's long been dismissed that there is any meaningful correlation between IQ and income.
An actual quantifiable study was done on IQ level of M.Ds. The IQs and demographics were available for an eastern city. All school children had to take IQ tests. Many of those children ended up as M.Ds. The Intelligence Quotients averaged out about 105. Decades later, a few years ago, another study was accomplished. The researcher discovered that many doctors had family members that had already been through the process and had drilled the aspiring medical students and walked them through everything before they were tested or observed. They squeaked by. That seems to explain all the dumb doctors so many of us have run into.
Decades ago the IQs of an eastern city's students were collected, the IQs of students that went on to be doctors averaged out to 105. Recently research was carried out and it was discovered that many medical students had relatives that were already doctors and had been drilled and walked through everything before being tested or observed, thereby squeaking by and are now "practicing" on the rest of us.
Considering that the highest IQ ever recorded is a 212 and the most intelligent man in America scored a 200 - both of which are >= 50 points higher than Einstein, I'm going to confidently state that this is wrong. Also, someone with an IQ of 160 is statistically 1 in a million, which means they have 7000 peers on the planet - and 30,000 students graduate from medical school in America each year - so yeah, this is more than a little off.
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